Climate Change and Air Pollution Management
Importance and Mission
The significance of climate change for the Group arises from the fact that climate change is both an environmental challenge and an urgent business priority that directly affects the efficiency, stability, and sustainability of renewable energy operations (solar, wind, and biomass). As a leader in clean energy, the Group integrates climate change considerations into the core of its operations to build business resilience and prepare for transition risks and physical risks. Effective management of these risks helps strengthen stakeholder confidence and aligns with global efforts to transition toward a low carbon economy.
SDGs in the Climate Change
and Air Pollution Management
and Air Pollution Management
Goals and Performance Highlights
Goals
Enhancing Climate Adaptation Developing infrastructure and risk reduction strategies to address extreme weather conditions and long term physical changes.
Global Standards Alignment Setting targets and disclosing information in accordance with global frameworks, including the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), the Task Force on Climate related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), and Net Zero Commitments, to meet the requirements and expectations of investors and regulators.
Stakeholder Collaboration Strengthening collaboration with government agencies, industry sectors, business partners, suppliers, and local communities to accelerate the transition toward a low carbon economy and support global climate commitments.
Performance Highlights 2025
| Greenhouse gas emissions | HO | SPN | WVO | SN | UPT | WINCHAI | SEG 1/ | TGC | TTQN | SSE 1/ | TTTV | Total Year 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the Organization Scope 1 (Unit: tCO2e) | |||||||||||||
| Stationary Combustion | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.36 | 4,364.41 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 0.55 | 0 | N/A | 4,374.32 | |
| Mobile Combustion | 37.53 | 0 | 0 | 18.12 | 1.56 | 0 | 0 | 19.18 | 2.64 | 0 | N/A | 79.52 | |
| Fugitive (Leakages and Others) - Fire suppressant CO2 - Methane emission from septic tank |
5.94 | 5.16 | 0.73 | 0.55 | 5.15 | 1.99 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 0 | N/A | 24.02 | |
| Scope 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions- Thailand | 4,455.50 | ||||||||||||
| Scope 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions- Overseas | 22.37 | ||||||||||||
| Total Scope 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions | 4,477.87 | ||||||||||||
| Performance in Reducing Scope 1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Compared with 2024 | ▼ 35.2 Decrease due to lower fuel consumption for electricity generation at the UPT project | ||||||||||||
| Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Consumption – Scope 2 (Unit: tCO2e) | |||||||||||||
| Electricity Consumption | 15.42 | 245.22 | 8.75 | 2.18 | 56.39 | 264.17 | 328.55 | 0 | 339.96 | 0 | 372.78 | 1,633.42 | |
| Scope 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Thailand | 592.13 | ||||||||||||
| Scope 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Overseas | 1,041.29 | ||||||||||||
| Total Scope 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions | 1,633.42 | ||||||||||||
| Performance in Reducing Scope 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Compared with 2024 | ▼ 134.62 Decrease due to lower electricity consumption at the TTQN project | ||||||||||||
| Other Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Scope 3 (Unit: tCO2e) | |||||||||||||
| Energy and fuel consumption by subcontractors for electricity production and maintenance activities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 321.35 | 0.27 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 321.62 | |
| Business air travel | 42.59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 42.59 | |
| Employee commuting using private vehicles | 82.6 | 10.6 | 5.17 | 0 | 4.56 | 10.16 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 113.09 | |
| Municipal water consumption | N/A | 0.61 | 0 | 0.03 | 29.03 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.26 | 30.13 | |
| Paper Consumption | N/A | N/A | 0.01 | 0 | 0.21 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.22 | |
| Scope 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Thailand | 507.39 | ||||||||||||
| Scope 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Overseas | 0.26 | ||||||||||||
| Total Scope 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions | 507.65 | ||||||||||||
| Performance in Reducing Scope 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Compared with 2024 | ▼ 133.4 Decrease due to operational restructuring at the SPN project, with O&M services transitioned in-house | ||||||||||||
| Total Revenue (million baht) | 3,146.40 | ||||||||||||
| Ratio of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Scope 1 & 2 per Unit of Electricity Generation (Unit: tCO2e per megawatt-hour) | 0.0091 | ||||||||||||
| Ratio of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Scope 1 2 &3 per Unit of Electricity Generation (Unit: tCO2e per megawatt-hour) | 0.0099 | ||||||||||||
| Ratio of Direct and Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Scope 1 and Scope 2) per Total Revenue of the Group (tCO2e per million baht) | 1.9 | ||||||||||||
| Ratio of Direct and Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Scope 1 Scope 2 and Scope 3) per Total Revenue of the Group (tCO2e per million baht) | 2.1 | ||||||||||||
Note:
1/ Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data from the SEG and SSE projects are excluded from this table, as these assets fall under the responsibility and reporting scope of the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) contractors to avoid double counting.
Management Approach
Climate Change
under the Core Strategy “Preserving Environmental”. The Group has divided its proactive climate related response into two dimensions:
- Transition Risk Management: Focusing on adapting to changes in government policies, technologies, and the dynamics of the evolving energy market to maintain long term competitiveness.
- Physical Risk Management: Focusing on designing and developing power plant infrastructure to be strong and resilient in order to reduce impacts from natural disasters, extreme weather events (Acute Risks), and gradual long term climate changes (Chronic Risks).
Risk Assessment & Mitigation Strategy
The Group conducts a comprehensive assessment of climate related risks to identify, evaluate, and manage both transition risks and physical risks that may affect business operations. This process is designed to align with global climate frameworks, such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) 2°C Scenario (2DS), to strengthen strategic resilience in addressing climate related threats.
To enhance resilience and ensure effective risk management, the Group has established governance structures and risk mitigation strategies as follows:
1. Climate Governance Structure A key component of the management process is the clear definition of roles and responsibilities at all levels of governance.
- Board Oversight: The Board of Directors holds ultimate responsibility for overseeing the management of climate-related risks and opportunities, ensuring that these issues are appropriately integrated into the organization’s strategic decision-making processes. The Board regularly reviews climate risk reports and sets long-term objectives to support the Group’s sustainability mission.
- Risk Management Committee (RMC) Oversight: The Group has established a Risk Management Committee comprising senior executives (and independent directors), as follows:
- General Phairat Phoubon - Chairman of the Risk Management Committee
- Mr. Dhana Bubphavanich - Director of Risk Management Committee Member and Independent Director
- Mr. Varut Tummavaranukub - Director of Risk Management Committee Member and Chief Executive Officer
The Committee is responsible for monitoring, assessing, and managing climate related risks, including policy and regulatory risks, market risks, technology risks, as well as physical risks—both acute risks and chronic risks. The RMC integrates these risks into the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Framework and provides continuous reports to the Board of Directors.
2. Cross Functional Collaboration & Execution Senior Executives from key functions, including Business Development, Operations, Procurement, and Sustainability, play an important role in implementing climate risk mitigation strategies and identifying new business opportunities arising from the energy transition. All departments serve as key drivers in advancing the Group’s adaptation strategy, with a focus on strategic investments in three core areas, namely:
- Climate-Resilient Infrastructure
- Low-Carbon Technologies
- Renewable Energy Innovation
This integrated approach ensures that climate related risks and opportunities are managed effectively through leadership accountability and cross functional collaboration. The integration of governance structures at both the Board level and the executive level demonstrates the Group’s commitment to building climate resilience and focusing on its leadership role in driving a sustainable low carbon future.
Carbon and Emission Reduction
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
To achieving Net Zero Emissions by 2050 and Carbon Neutrality by 2030 require the Group to implement comprehensive strategies, including the expansion of renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, implementing carbon offset projects, and developing sustainable operational practices. The key approaches are as follows:
01
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from operations (Scope 1 & 2) by 50% by 2035 – Improve energy efficiency by upgrading to high efficiency machinery to reduce energy consumption, use Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies, study soil carbon sequestration, and absorb CO₂ directly from the atmospheric.
02
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the supply chain and value chain (Scope 3) by 30% by 2040 – Collaborate with suppliers and partners to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging them to use sustainable materials, low carbon transportation, and renewable energy, as well as improving low carbon logistics systems by transitioning to electric vehicles, hydrogen, and biofuels, and applying circular economy principles by recycling and reusing solar panels, wind turbine blades, and biomass materials to reduce carbon emissions from materials and waste
03
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity and improve production efficiency, targeting a 40% reduction in carbon intensity per MWh by 2035. This includes improving power plant efficiency to generate more energy with lower carbon emissions, and applying waste heat recycling technologies that reuse excess heat from biomass power plants to reduce fuel consumption.
04
Increase transparency, compliance with standards, and access to green financing. This includes aligning with global climate standards such as Science Based Targets (SBTi), TCFD, and ISO 14064 (GHG calculation), and enhancing ESG transparency through clear and verifiable GHG emission reporting and ESG performance disclosures to strengthen investor confidence.
Pollution Control and Environmental Stewardship
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
To ensure effective air pollution control in alignment with international environmental standards, the Group has established an environmental policy that focuses on reducing pollution at the source and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The Group complies with both international and Thai environmental regulations and sets impact control plans to manage key issues such as air pollution control, water use, and waste through new innovations and technologies. The Group also promotes environmental awareness among employees and communities to prevent long term environmental impacts. In 2025, the environmental policy was reviewed by the Board of Directors on 12 November 2025, and the review concluded that the policy remained appropriate with no revisions required. Key actions undertaken include the following:
01
Pollution Control Technologies The Group applies pollution reduction technologies by installing air filtration systems and pollutant capture technologies, such as Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP), at the biomass power plant operated by Uni Power Tech Co., Ltd. (UPT) to reduce particulate matter and airborne pollutants.
02
Compliance with Environmental Standards The Group complies with both Thai and international air pollution regulations, such as WHO air quality guidelines and ISO 14001, including regular emission reporting and continuous improvement measures to ensure emissions remain below regulatory thresholds. This includes controlling combustion temperature and selecting upstream raw materials that generate the lowest possible pollution.
03
Continuous Air-Quality Monitoring The Group installs Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) to monitor emissions from source points in real time, enabling timely corrective actions. Ambient air quality around the power plant and nearby communities is also monitored periodically to ensure operations do not affect air quality or public health.
04
Stakeholder Collaboration The Group collaborates with government agencies, environmental organizations, and local communities to propose pollution-reduction approaches and promote clean-energy use. Training and awareness programs are provided to employees and communities on preventing and reducing air-pollution impacts.
05
Wind Turbine Noise Control Noise levels from wind turbines are maintained below 70 dB(A), in accordance with WHO recommendations and the National Environmental Board Notification No. 15 (1997) on general noise standards, which defines harmful noise as levels exceeding 85 dB(A) at all frequencies. The Group’s wind turbines are located at least 300 meters from residential areas, resulting in noise levels of approximately 43 dB(A), which is not harmful to nearby residents.
Wind Turbine Noise Data – Winchai Project, Mukdahan Province
Noise measurements were conducted on 24–25 December 2025 at eight stations: Multipurpose Building (A), Monk Quarters (B), Temporary Monk Quarters (C), Holiday Residence Area (D), Ban Lup Pueng, Wat Phu Yang Diao, Ban Nong Nok Khian, and Ban Romklao.
The noise monitoring results are presented across four key sound level indicators:
- Leq 24 hr: Average sound level over a 24-hour period
- Lmax: Maximum recorded sound level
- Ldn: Day-Night Average Sound Level
- L90: Background noise level
| Station | Noise Measurement Results (dBA) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leq 24 hr | Lmax | Ldn | L90 | |
| 1. Multipurpose Building (Point A) | 47.2 | 74.5 | 53.6 | 44.5 |
| 2. Monk Quarters (Point B) | 48.2 | 85.1 | 52.9 | 43.5 |
| 3. Temporary Monk Quarters (Point C) | 52.3 | 90.4 | 60.3 | 50.5 |
| 4. Holiday Residence Area (Point D) | 56.5 | 80.6 | 61.4 | 53.1 |
| 5. Ban Lup Pueng, Village No. 1 | 52.1 | 93.1 | 59.6 | 45.1 |
| 6. Wat Phu Yang Diao, Romklao Subdistrict | 50.6 | 86.7 | 57.9 | 46.8 |
| 7. Ban Nong Nok Khian, Village No. 4 | 48.6 | 77.6 | 51.7 | 52.3 |
| 8. Ban Romklao, Village No. 2 | 51.7 | 78.0 | 58.7 | 45.7 |
| Standard | 70 | 115 | - | - |
Note: *Standard based on National Environmental Board Notification No. 15 (B.E. 2540): Leq 24 hr ≤ 70 dBA, Lmax ≤ 115 dBA
Noise Data from the Biomass Power Plant Project of Uni Power Tech Co., Ltd. (UPT), Nakhon Ratchasima Province
Noise measurements were conducted on 6–7 December 2025 at five monitoring stations: Factory Fence (School Side – Thanon Kot), Factory Fence (Wat Nong Ree Wanararm Side), Factory Fence (Sikhio Community Side), Ban Thanon Kot School, and Wat Nong Ree Wanararm.
The noise monitoring results are presented across five key sound level indicators:
- Leq 24 hr: Average sound level over a 24-hour period
- Lmax: Maximum recorded sound level
- L90: Background noise level
- Maximum noise level during daytime (06:00–22:00 hrs)
- Maximum noise level during nighttime (22:00–06:00 hrs)
| Station | ผลการตรวจวัดเดซิเบล (เอ) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leq 24 hr | Lmax | L90 | Maximum noise level during daytime (06:00–22:00 hrs.) | Maximum noise level during nighttime (22:00–06:00 hrs.) | |
| 1. Fence line adjacent to Sikhio community | 54.8 | 60.9 | 52.4 | - | - |
| 2. Fence line adjacent to temple area | 46.5 | 74.3 | 40.8 | 5.6 | 9.1 |
| 3. Fence line adjacent to school area | 50.8 | 61.6 | 37.3 | 2.4 | - |
| 4. Ban Thanon Kot School | 47.8 | 61.1 | 44.6 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
| 5. Wat Nong Ree Wanararm | 46.7 | 67.3 | 42.3 | - | 4.7 |
| Standard | 70 | 115 | - | 10 | 10 |
Note: Thai Standard The noise standards refer to the Notification of the National Environmental Board No. 15 (B.E. 2540), which specifies that Leq 24 hr shall not exceed 70 dB(A) and Lmax shall not exceed 115 dB(A), and the Notification of the National Environmental Board No. 17 (B.E. 2543), which stipulates that noise disturbance shall not exceed 10 dB(A) above the background noise level.
Air Emission Inventory (SOx, NOx, and PM) – Biomass Power Plant Project, Uni Power Tech Co., Ltd. (UPT), Nakhon Ratchasima Province
Air quality monitoring results from a single stack using CEMS under normal operating conditions and soot blowing conditions, conducted on 6 December 2025. The monitored parameters include total suspended particulates (TSP), nitrogen oxides as nitrogen dioxide (NOx as NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and opacity.
| Details | Units | Monitoring Results from Boiler Stack 45 Tons (Normal Operation) | Monitoring Results from 45-Ton Boiler Stack (Soot Blowing Operation) | Standard 1/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 December 2025 | 6 December 2025 | |||
| Fuel Type | - | Biomass | Biomass | - |
| Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP) | milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) | 1.787 | 6.487 | 120 |
| Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) | ppm | 86.097 | 79.683 | 200 |
| Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) | ppm | <0.001 | <0.001 | 60 |
| Carbon Monoxide (CO) | ppm | 239.466 | 220.625 | 690 |
| Opacity | % | 5 | 9.8 | 10 2/ |
Note:
- 1/ Standard: Notification of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on Emission Standards for New Power Plants B.E. 2553 (2010), referring to allowable concentrations of air pollutants from biomass fuel combustion. Results are calculated at 1 atmosphere (760 mmHg) and 25°C under dry basis conditions, with 50% excess air or 7% excess oxygen in combustion gases.
- 2/ Standard: Ministry of Industry Notification on Smoke Density Limits for Boiler Stack Emissions in Factories B.E. 2549 (2006).
ผลการคำนวณปริมาณการปล่อยมลสาร (ตัน)
| Year | SO2 | NO2 | PM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emission Quantity (tons) | Intensity (kg/MWh) | Emission Quantity (tons) | Intensity (kg/MWh) | Emission Quantity (tons) | Intensity (kg/MWh) | |
| 2024 | 0.95 | 0.0127 | 110.14 | 1.47 | 38.41 | 0.51 |
| 2025 | 0.50 | 0.0067 | 132.41 | 1.78 | 22.08 | 0.30 |
Note: As the Company’s power generation activities are primarily based on solar and wind energy, which do not produce emissions during the generation process, the data in this table is limited to the UPT project (biomass power generation) only.
